Successful pluralism requires both “hardware” and “software”. The hardware are institutions—such as constitutions, legislatures, courts, schools and the media—that define the legal and political space within which members of society act. The software are “cultural habits” or a “public mindset”, such as conceptions of national identity and historic narratives. These habits and mindsets shape our perceptions of who belongs and who contributes, and influence how we interact on an everyday basis with others. Both dimensions are critical and interdependent. Even the best-designed institutions will fail if citizens enter those institutional spaces with fearful or exclusionary attitudes. Institutional structures can be quickly subverted by rising strands of intolerance, or slowly subverted by enduring attitudes of indifference. Promoting pluralism therefore requires both “institution work” and “culture work”.